Self-harm is often associated with a history of trauma, including emotional and sexual abuse. Some use it as a coping mechanism to provide temporary relief of intense feelings such as anxiety, depression, stress, emotional numbness, or a sense of failure. Self-harm can also occur in high-functioning individuals who have no underlying mental health diagnosis. Studies also provide strong support for a self-punishment function, and modest evidence for anti-dissociation, interpersonal-influence, anti-suicide, sensation-seeking, and interpersonal boundaries functions. People with other mental disorders may also self-harm, including those with depression, anxiety disorders, substance abuse, mood disorders, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, dissociative disorders, as may people experiencing gender dysphoria. The desire to self-harm is a common symptom of some personality disorders. Still, only a minority of those who self-harm are suicidal. People who do self-harm are more likely to die by suicide, and self-harm is found in 40–60% of suicides. Īlthough self-harm is by definition non-suicidal, it may still be life-threatening. Likewise, tissue damage from drug abuse or eating disorders is not considered self-harm because it is ordinarily an unintended side-effect but context may be needed as intent for such acts varies. While earlier usage included interfering with wound healing, excessive skin-picking, hair-pulling, and the ingestion of toxins, current usage distinguishes these behaviors from self-harm. Other forms include scratching, hitting, or burning body parts. The most common form of self-harm is using a sharp object to cut the skin. Other terms such as cutting, self-injury, and self-mutilation have been used for any self-harming behavior regardless of suicidal intent. This is most commonly regarded as direct injury of one's own skin tissues usually without a suicidal intention. Self-harm is intentional behavior that is considered harmful to oneself. Healed scars on the forearm from prior self-harm Deliberate self-harm (DSH), self-injury (SI), self-poisoning, nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), cutting
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